anthro 2a final Essays

anthro 2a final Essays anthro 2a final Essay anthro 2a final Essay Body Eugenia Kaw (Opening Eyes)- plastic surgery as a form of internalized colonialism. Cultural stereotypes on what is beautiful and what is not. Subconscious. Racist stereotypes theyre taking action on. Plastic surgery as form on internalized colonialism- look at Eugenia Kaw. Susan Bordo (The Slender Body) -look at consumption vs. accumulation and capitalist contradiction. Consumption vs. Accumulation -from Bordos article. Tight Bodies as Cultural Symbols of Morality/Self-Control- l Enjoy Being a Girl (music videos and womens capitalist role as primary consumers and sexualized bjects)- Emily Martin (The Egg and the Sperm)- Western Cultural Biases in Science- western science has frequently portrayed womens sexual function as being very wasteful. Men are portrayed as productive. Our science has been biased or skewed by our societies stereotypes. Arguing that science is influenced by culture-society. Race Stephen J. Gould (Race is cultural construct)- Human Variation as a Continum- from Goulds article; How to measure variation, Defining races does not allow us to see variation. Clines†refer to the fact that populations do adapt to a particular environment, but this does not constitute race. Sickle Cell Anemia and Other Racial Variations- lot of ppl in Africa/Mediterranean have it. Defense mechanism vs. malaria b/c you cant have both. Not racially based. Higher prevalence, but not linked to race but where they are from. Marvin Harris (Bundled Traits)- take few features to define a race. There are no bundled traits or concordance of features†if we tried to biologically distinguish people into separate races based on a number of shared traits such as skin color, hair, blood types, allergies, the result would be hundreds of different races. IQ Tests- they are culture- bound. Contingent on history They test familiarity with cultural background. Cultural Bias- Paul Broca- 1861 , established Anthropology society of Paris. Claimed that Europeans were superior race. Tested on examined forearm length b/w diff. races. Shorter would mean more intelligent. Looked at some Africans, Europeans, and Asians. Africans had relatively longer forearms. Asians had relatively shorter forearm shortest. Tried cranio capacity. Found that Mongols had the largest capacity, looked at skull length. Found that Africans had longest skulls. Looked at skull width† Germans had the widest. He checked the degree of entry of the foramen magnum (spinal cord hits neck). A smaller degree of angle supposedly meant more intelligent. Africans had smallest degree of entry. A Priori Assumptions- make an assumption before you go into research. You have biased thoughts in your mind. Foramen Magnum- Broca. Brainsize and Intelligence- Broca. Asian, African European- Broca. Scientific Racism- Broca. Robert Bean- 1906, compared corpus collosum tissue of a white sample group and a black sample group in the U. S. Corpus Collosum- look at Robert Bean. DNA and Racial classification Kinship Matrilineal†descent traced thru mothers side. Patrilineal†descent traced thru fathers side. Bilateral †trace ancestry thru both parents sides. Ropes†descent traced thru opposite gender. *The ! Kung, Eskimo, many Western Europeans do this. Annette Weiner- anthropologist who went to Trobriand Islands in 1970s, 80s, 90s, and focused on women. She focused on political, social importance of the Sagan-occurs about 1 yr after a person dies. Its a feast and gift exchanged period in the islands, and women are in charge of these prestigious events. Trobrianders- matrilineal ociety: trace descent through mothers side. Adolescent Sexuality- Arapesh, Tonambuli, Mandugomor in New Guinea. Yams, Skirts and Trobriand Marriage- young, adolescent males move out of the parents home and into a bachelors hut. Teenage girls basically pick a boy they like and visit him at his bachelors hut. They use beauty magic to try to attract partners. They have dances where boys and girls try to impress each other. Girls will often stay at a boys hut all night and then sneak home before dawn. Matrilineal- Trobriand Husband/Wife Relationship- father does not cause fertilization in Trobriand perspective, but does open the path for the spirit. Sex helps the baby to grow. Sex is good for the baby. Incest Taboos- father and daughter, Brother and sister. Brother and sister stronger b/c related thru mother. *Trobriand Beliefs of Procreation- Baloma Spirit- Trobriand notions of death and pro-creation. When a Trobriand person dies, its believed that their Baloma spirit goes to Tuma Island. Over time, the Baloma will become old and wrinkled (80 yrs). The Baloma bathes in the sea and becomes young again. The old spirits skin washes off into ocean and forms little baby pirit ( WaiWaia) Waiwaia Spirit -will swim from Tuma back to Trobriand Islands and look for a mother through which to be born. The mother must be of the correct matrilineage. The spirit combines with blood in the mothers womb to create a baby. Tuma Island- Reincarnation; When someone dies, goes there (the baloma spirit) Who Takes Care of Trobriand Children? father is your primary nurturer, but not a disciplinarian. Your mother and brother are responsible for raising the next generation of leaders. They are going to the be disciplinarians. The Nuer of Sudan- pastoralists (herders) Bridecattle-cattle exchanged to seal a marriage, from man to womans family Patrilineal- only men are permitted to own cattle. Polygyny- man with more than one wife. Different Types of Nuer Marriages (simple legal, ghost, leviratic, female husbands, widow concubinage) *Different roles among Nuer: Genitor -bio. father. Pater -social/ official father. Legal marital partner -husband/partner. *Kinship Charts: Eskimo: (lineal) nuclear family, same as U. S. unts and uncles are called aunts and uncles. Cousins are cousins. Hawaiian: aunts and uncles are mother and father. All cousins are considered siblings. Iroquois: Cross-cousins fathers sisters mothers brothers kids are cousins. Parallel cousins => mothers sisters kids are siblings. !Kung- have very strict rules regarding incest. Like mixing. Related through names. Bilater al- (biological kin) both mom and dad kin are related equally to children. Names†ppl have same name as a kin relation, will also be treated as family. Names come from ancestors. Incest Rules- cant marry people w/in fictive and biological kin. Wi-Fictive Kin- (names- you are related to everyone and anyone hat has same name of your bilateral kin) making people who arent part of Klan, part of Klan. Not biologically related. An older person may w' a younger person and this results in their becoming family. WI is like an adoption. Forbidden to marry that person! !Kung Marriage- usually find marriage partners from a far away band. By marrying far away, both family groups increase knowledge of resources. Exogamous†marry outside of the group. Some Endogamous†marry inside the social group. First marriage is arranged by parents. Groom will perform bride service for brides family once they live together. Both men and women care for children. Bride Service- living with bride family. Future husband works for wifes family to pay off debt that he owes. Polygamy- more than one wife and husband. Polygyny- more than one wife. Polyandry- more than one husband. Exogamous- forces to marry outside family and create connections. Gender and Sexuality Margaret Mead- Arapesh- both men women raised to be nurturing/passive. Both work in gardens; community and harmony. Tchambuli -women are the sexual initators. Men go to market. Women do the fishing. Mundugomor- men are both raised to be aggressive. Fathers raise daughters and mothers raise sons. The Five Sexes- Anne Fausto-Sterling. human sexuality is a variation and continuum. Herm- hermaphrodite. 1 testes and 1 ovary. Merm- gonads of the same type. 2 testes and some female characteristics. Ferm- gonads of the same type. 2 ovaries and some male characteristics. If Men Can Menstruate- Gloria Steiner. -If even roles are reversed, will find Justification to show that men are superior. Gender equality is expressed in biological differences. Logic. Harris: Polymorphism -genetic variation caused when a gene has 1 or more alleles, 85% ifference within major races Sickle Cell -blood disorder where red blood cells misshapen, unable to carry oxygen (ex of polymorphism) Culture bound -Stanford Binet IQ test was Clines -increasing/decreasing distribution of traits over geographical area Rickets disease caused by Vitamin D deficiency Gould: Foramen Magnum -hole at the base of skull that spinal cord passes thru Subspecies -further dividing of species classification Corpus Callosum -structure in brain containing fibers connecting right and left hemispheres Paul Broca -famous craniometrist of 19th century Guiding Questions: 1. Race: Gould (says it) and Harris (echoes it)- no biological basis for race. Race is a social construct. Race is not self-evident, variability is. Variability due to environment, and geographic location†thats what were seeing. Skin†darker when closer to equator. In all the research studies on physical differences dont have significant conclusions. He says that skin color is problematic because there is so much variation. White here in U. S. may not be White in somewhere else. Says that there are no bundled traits or features (hair color, eye color, blood type ). If we try to put eople in specific categories, we would end up with hundred of traits. Are no specifically shared traits. Traits/poplns are always in flux (always changing). No pure races. Clines- poplns do adapt to particular environments, but does not constitute a race, but constitutes variability†a. k. a. microadaptation. DNA- students in video. Students thought they would be most like the ppl they looked like the most. Variation can be greater within groups than between groups, thats why we cant have bundled traits! 2. Trobriand View of Procreation: Tuma Island is real. Baloma spirit is a good spirit. Baloma goes to live on Tuma Island. Becomes old wrinkled after 80 yrs, bathes in sea after 80 yrs to become younger again. In trying to become young, skin gets washed off and becomes a baby spirit†Waiwai spirit (created from the skin of baloma spirit). Waiwai spirit swims back to Trobriand Islands to look for mother/ woman of the same matrilineage. Enters mother. Related to mothers side of the family. Connects to the way child is raised. Fathers role is to open the path (nourish the baby. Not related to pregnancy). Procreation emphasizes matrilineage aspect of Trobriand fam. . Nuer: Kinship has to continue, it is patrilineal. Subsistence- pastoralists, depend on herds and animals†cattle. Only men have access to cattle. Gender Relations- patriarchical. Genitor- biological father. I Pater- social father/official father. I Legal marital partner- husband/partner of the wife. 1 . Simple legal marriage- husband and wife get married and have children. if someone dies before he has children†ghost marriage (no children) where a woman gets married to a pro-husband. Person who dies is the PATER. GENITOR -person that takes place of dead husband (pro-husband legal marital partner). If a family only has daughters then one of daughters have to be PATER. Genitor becomes any man. Legal marital partner is female husband. Everyone has to have children. Every child has to have parents. 2. Leviratic marriage -If a person dies, she can go w/ pro-husband or husbands brother. Genitor-pro- husband. Pater-1st husband. Can have widow concubinage 3. Concubinage- If a woman has a lover. Genitor is the lover. If woman is married, 1st husband is alive=PATER and LMP. If shes not married, unmarried concubinage- PATER is male or female w/o marriage.

Brave New World - Society essays

Brave New World - Society essays Examine three aspects/conditions/manipulators of our society that impact you or your peers... Next, answer the following question How is the process of conditioning in the BNW similar to contemporary American society? Are we victims of this conditioning? How are we being manipulated? Who is in control of the process? I think that our age group, teenagers, are the most manipulated age group in America. People know that in this age people face many difficult situations and are more easily persuaded. Teenagers have not fully developed their critical thinking sense, and rely on what is more acceptable to their peers. Also, ideas implemented in this stage will shape the persons thinking for the rest of his/her life. I think a major aspect of our society is materialism. The goal for us now is to get rich and spend it all on material goods. The process of conditioning in the Brave New World is similar to how the American society conditions us today. Although the approach is different, both societies have the same goal, to implement ideas consistent to the philosophies of that society. In contemporary American society you can see this wherever you go. One type of conditioning in contemporary American society is conditioning people to values and norms. Religion preaches what is good, and what is bad. Rel igion carries out its agenda by conditioning youth to follow its doctrine. Who told us drugs are bad? Not that I am an advocate of drugs, but we are always told not to take drugs. In some cultures drug use is an accepted part of culture. Why do you think that cultures are so different? We were all born the same. It is the conditioning each person goes through that determines the final product. A more apparent use for conditioning is for money. This conditioning is carried out in the form of advertisements. I read somewhere that the average American is exposed to about 3,000 advertisements each day. Slowly the person picks up the ...

The Conflict in Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Conflict in Rights - Essay Example The conflict in rights is actually the result when individuals or sectors in a democratic society begin to assert their respective rights that would result in the reduction or the violation of those of others. It must be pointed out that before rights could be identified and recognized there were the material bases for these, which were the diverse interests of different sectors in society. Aside from the diversity, there is also the reality of contradicting interests, such as that of the workers and the employers. The labor sector’s interest is to achieve to get their fair share of the income resulting from their work in production. On the other hand, the business sector’s interest is to continuously increase their profits. These interests are obviously contradictory for when the workers insist on higher wages, the business sectors profits are reduced. If the business owners wish to increase their profits, the wage values also fall. This basic conflict of interest shou ld well be considered as the very core of the conflict in rights. The labor sector would insist that it is their right to push for higher wages since they are the ones who created new value. The capitalists, on their part, would insist that it is their right to peg wages at a certain level which they think does not badly affect their profit targets. They would insist that they, after all, are the owners of the machines that the workers use. The conflict in rights between the workers and the capitalist is not only evident in the economic sense. This contradiction between the two parties could also be seen in the political and cultural senses. In politics, the workers establish their own political organization and parties for the purpose of having their own center of gravity. The capitalists, on the other hand, also establish their own parties or spread their influence on those that are already in existence. The result of these actions is that the respective sectors in society now hav e the means for asserting their respective rights not only as dictated by law but also as mandated by the fact that they are bigger in numbers. Since the capitalists, although fewer have been able to establish a foothold on government, they would naturally anchor their concepts of rights on what is provided by the laws which they themselves made. They would then insist that since there is already a law on wages and on how these should be increased, the workers are morally bound to oblige to such laws. Kant articulates that â€Å"nothing in the world—indeed nothing even beyond the world—can possibly be conceived which could be called good without qualification except a  good will† (55). However, Kant’s standard of good will is the law to which people, including workers, should obey. This Kantian perspective on the workers’ movement for the promotion of their rights could then be viewed as immoral and utterly wrong. The workers, on the other hand, would naturally embrace a utilitarian viewpoint. It is act-utilitarianism that they would tend to grasp, which is â€Å"the view that the rightness or wrongness of an action is to be judged by the consequences, good or bad, of the action itself† (Smart 9). Such mindset when first asserted at time when capitalists are considered as sent by the heavens in order to provide opportunities of livelihood to those who do not possess the means of production would indeed seem a case in ingratitude. The Kantians